Students Guide

Student 14-16 Guide Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aims and objectives Business ownership Culture Direct selling Ethics Factors of Production Growth Higher grades Insolvency Job advertisement Kellogg and the product life cycle Logistics Marketing mix New product development Organisational functions Pre-issued Case Studies Quantitative and Qualitative market research Recruitment Stakeholders Training Unseen Case Studies View all the latest www. tt100. biz Xchange ideas You ZZZZZZZzzzzz 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Listings Visit www. tt100. biz for Case Studies on these topics from the following organisations. Aims and objectives Effective workplaces Aims, objectives and values Enterprising managers Ansoff’s matrix Ethical supply chain Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics Customer service Factors of Production Developing new fuels Inclusion For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 3 Listings Liability Ownership Market research PESTLE/SLEPT analysis Meeting changing needs Product portfolio Meeting customers’ needs Quality Mutuals Re-branding New product development Recruitment and selection Organisational structures Recruitment, selection and training 4 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Listings Recruitment, selection and training Sustainability Re-positioning The sales function Roles of departments Total quality management Segmentation and customer needs Training Stakeholders Training for growth Support for business Unions For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 5 A Aims and objectives Aims are the overall goals that a business seeks to achieve. Aims can be broken down into objectives. Usually, objectives are more precise than aims. Because the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and the Department of Health sponsor the National Healthy Schools Programme (NHSP), they are responsible for shaping its aims and objectives. The Programme’s key aims are to: 1. raise levels of achievement across the school population 2. reduce health inequality 3. promote social inclusion. (Social inclusion is an approach that includes all members of a society rather than excluding already disadvantaged individuals and groups. ) Ideally all aims and objectives should be SMART. Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic (or relevant) Time related. Check the website to see what this means with a practical example – The National Healthy Schools Programme. 6 To find out more about aims and objectives check out www. tt100. biz/hda Business ownership B There are a number of different types of business ownership: Sole Traders – are owned and controlled by one person who is responsible for providing all the capital and running of the business with unlimited liability. Partnership – two or more people form a business and share responsibility and costs. They also have unlimited liability. Private Limited Companies – are owned by an individual or a small number of people. Public Limited Companies – owned by shareholders but the shares are open for anyone to buy on the stock exchange. Mutuals – organisations where the owners are also their customers, Nationwide is a Mutual. This brings certain advantages. BUILDING SOCIETIES Members BANKS Shareholders Charge less to borrowers and pay more to savers Charge more to borrowers and pay less to savers Top Tip Ownership always appears in examinations. Make sure you know the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of ownership. In particular, you’ll need to remember what liability means. Liability means being responsible for paying the company’s debts. It can be â€Å"limited† when it is restricted to the amount invested or â€Å"unlimited† where all personal assets can be used to pay off a company’s debts. To read this Case Study and more on Nationwide log on to www. tt100. biz/nationwide 7 C Culture ‘Culture’ describes the typical way an organisation does things, including patterns of behaviour and relationships. Important aspects of culture at Coca-Cola Great Britain are an emphasis on teamwork and empowerment. This reflects the culture of The Coca-Cola Company as a whole. By creating a friendly, innovative culture, Coca-Cola Great Britain is able to depend on a high quality workforce. This helps it to maintain brand leadership in Great Britain and in every other market in which it operates. Top Fact The Coca-Cola Company owns or licences nearly 400 brands in non-alcoholic beverages serving consumers in over 200 countries. ‘Coca-Cola', ‘Coke' and the design of the ‘Coca-Cola' Contour Bottle are registered trade marks of The Coca-Cola Company. 8 To find out more about organisational structures visit www. tt100. biz/culture Direct selling D This is where an organisation deals direct with consumers in their homes or by phone or mail. Amway is one of the world’s largest direct sales companies. It works with around 3 million Independent Business Owners (IBOs) in more than 80 countries. IBOs are usually individuals running an enterprise selling goods. These IBOs are the link between Amway and the final consumer. They are also Amway’s links with citizens and communities across the globe. As a direct selling company, they sell products directly to consumers and bypass the traditional ‘high street’. In the UK Amway distributes a variety of products: Personal Care Skin Care & Colour Cosmetics Durables Nutrition and Wellness Catalogue Items Home Care Fragrances, body care and hair care products A range of skincare and colour cosmetics, Cookware and water treatment systems Food supplements, food and drinks Third party electrical goods Laundry, cleaning, and car care products For more detail on direct selling go to www. tt100. biz/amway 9 E Ethics Ethics are moral principles that affect the way in which an individual or a business behaves. A simple way of looking at ethics is to consider what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and select the ‘right’ option. Ethical companies do the right thing and concern themselves with the long term. Research shows Vodafone’s strong position. Stakeholders perceptions of Vodafone’s CSR Performance Competitor 1 Public 25% Opinion 10% formers Competitor 2 Public 29% The graph shows how Vodafone is perceived in comparison with other operators with regard to how seriously it takes its responsibilities to society and the environment. Groups of opinion formers and members of the public were asked:â€Å"How seriously do you think company X takes its responsibilities to society and the environment? The percentages show the number Insert graph Pg 2 Col ‘very of respondents replying 1 Para 2 seriously’ or ‘fairly seriously’. Opinion 14% formers Competitor 3 Public 23% Opinion 5% formers Vodafone Public 27% Opinion 33% formers Testing Times How can being ethical benefit an organisation like Vodafone? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/student For further explanation of e thics go online to 10 www. tt100. biz/vodafone Factors of Production F Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise are the factors of production. Suppose you wanted to start a business. What would you need? First, you would have to decide what products your business would offer. This decision would influence your view on what premises (or land) you needed, the kind of machinery required and the type of labour to be employed. In addition, you would need to find the money (capital) to pay for setting up all these things. Above all, however, you would need organisational skills. In business terms an ability to organise, together Product Capital with a willingness to take Land or Enterprise Labour risks in pursuit of financial Service returns, is called enterprise. Some would consider enterprise to be the most important of the four factors of production, as poorly run businesses rarely survive for long. Land Securities is a property company. One of its main activities is renting out the buildings it owns. Testing Times Factors of production is a regular question on examination papers. Log on to get a detailed explanation of each of the factors of production and how Land Securities combines them. To find out more about factors of production check out www. tt100. biz/land_securities 11 G Growth As organisations grow and develop they may change their type of ownership to suit their circumstances. A business owner may start as a sole trader. Funding may become a pressing problem as the business grows and the sole trader needs, say, to buy new equipment or to move to larger premises. In this case a sole trader may then decide to become a private limited company, which can raise additional money through a private share issue. A growing business needs capital, this might be raised through: †¢ issue of new shares (known as a ‘new issue’) †¢ retained profit †¢ overdraft †¢ bank loan †¢ hire purchase †¢ sale and leaseback. A growing business might ‘go public’ and raise funds through a public issue of shares on the stock market, (a market on which stocks and shares are sold) known as a new issue. It is a good way for businesses to raise funds and grow. Investors can then purchase these shares and become shareholders. Investors can put money into manufacturing companies e. g. Cadbury Schweppes. They can also invest in investment trusts. These are companies whose only purpose is to invest in other companies. 12 For more detail on growth log on to www. tt100. biz/aitc Higher grades H Higher grades can be achieved by using examples from the Case Studies. Examiners really like it when you can relate class work to real organisations; they give you extra marks! At www. tt100. biz you can find loads of Case Studies showing how wellknown organisations actually implement the theory that you study. It’s also very likely that you will come across Case Studies in your exams. You will be able to find practice exam papers and mark schemes to help you prepare for your exams on the website. If you can’t find what you want straight away, use the site navigation to get to exactly where you need to go. We have great Case Studies in a variety of formats to meet your own needs: †¢ full 2000 word versions as those in the binder †¢ summaries – 500 word versions †¢ Brief Cases – 500 word versions – with shorter sentences and less technical words. You’ll also find †¢ Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at 14-16. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision – it’s up to you. †¢ Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst you’re on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. †¢ Glossary Check out what business words and phrases mean by using our glossary of terms. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 13 I Insolvency Insolvency means a business cannot pay the bills/monies that it owes. Taking a risk means riskin g failure as well as success. A business may fail because it has not correctly assessed the risks it faces. Many businesses succeed but others fail, they become insolvent. This means they do not have enough assets (what they own) that they can turn into cash quickly enough to pay their pressing liabilities (what they owe). By law, the owners of small enterprises, including all sole traders and most partnerships, have unlimited liability for the debts of the business. This means that if the business is insolvent the owners may have to sell the things they own (including their homes) to meet the liabilities of the business. Exam Tip Liability appears frequently on most exam papers. There are plenty of examples and explanations on The Times 100 website. To read this Case Study and more on the Insolvency Service visit 14 www. tt100. biz/insolvency_service Job advertisement The Legal Services Commission (LSC) requires talented people and needs to communicate this in its recruitment advertisements. They provide compelling reasons why many talented people with an interest in the welfare of society look to work for the LSC in a range of roles. J Testing Times Where do you feel would be the best place for this advertisement to be located? Local shop Local newspaper National newspaper Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students To learn more on the Legal Services Commission go to ww. tt100. biz/legal_services 15 K Kellogg and the product life cycle The product life cycle is the stages that a product passes through from design and development to it being taken off the market. Initially the product will grow and flourish. However, as new competitors come into the market and as excitement about the product falls, then the product enters a n ew life cycle stage termed maturity. If the product is not handled carefully at this stage we may see saturation of the market and the onset of a decline in interest. Life Cycle Sales Maturity Decline Growth Introduction Time Testing Times At which point in the product life cycle is advertising and promotion likely to be largest? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 16 For further explanation of the product life cycle go online to www. tt100. biz/kelloggs Logistics L Logistics is another name for distribution. This involves moving raw materials to manufacturers and finished products to shops. Wincanton plc specialises in designing, implementing and operating solutions to customers’ supply problems. It can also manage all aspects of delivery and storage of goods for other firms. This is known as ‘supply chain management’. The company’s activities include: †¢ moving bulk raw materials †¢ organising the movement of supplies to companies †¢ managing the movement of finished goods to customers †¢ managing warehouse facilities. Top Fact Distribution accounts for 20% (on average) of the final costs of goods to customers. For more details on logistics visit www. tt100. biz/wincanton 17 M Marketing mix Argos makes sure that it meets the needs of its customers. Marketing involves understanding who the customers are and what they want through internal data sources such as sales figures and through consumer research Marketing The right products In the right place At the right price With the right promotional activities Top Fact About 80% of Argos customers have already decided what they want to buy before visiting the store or website. Testing Times What methods can a company use to make sure it gets all these things right and reduces the risk of getting them wrong? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 18 To find out more about the marketing mix check out www. tt100. biz/argos New product development N The process of bringing a new product to the market, normally based on research and development to meet the needs of customers. It is vital that large companies use their research and development capabilities to bring to the market new, alternative forms of fuel and energy, whilst at the same time modifying existing fuels derived from crude oil to make them more ecologically efficient in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Shell has pioneered the development of several new fuels e. g. hydrogen filling stations in Iceland, USA and The Netherlands. These fuel sources use water and renewable electricity to provide hydrogen to power cars. This hydrogen is free from carbon. Fuel cell engines running on hydrogen could make vehicle transport genuinely sustainable. Hydrogen can be made locally and water is the only direct emission. Carbon emissions can be zero if the hydrogen is produced by using renewable power to electrolyse water. Shell Hydrogen is building a commercial business to begin tapping this potential. To read this Case Study and more on Shell go to www. tt100. biz/shell 19 O Organisational functions Organisations arrange their employees into different departments and areas. Cummins’ main activities is manufacturing engines and generators. Its departments are: †¢ Manufacturing – Making engines to the highest possible quality and reducing waste and inefficiency. Roles within manufacturing include people working on the factory shop floor as machine operators and as technicians. †¢ Administration – Ensuring the smooth operation of the manufacturing process by offering appropriate administrative support. †¢ Engineering – Designing engines etc and developing the prototypes to their full potential. †¢ Sales and marketing – Discovering customers’ needs and wants. Finding and developing sales opportunities for the company’s products. †¢ Human resources – Recruiting, selecting and training staff to meet customers’ needs. Purchasing and Logistics – Ensuring that components arrive just-in-time (just before they are required for the next step in the process) and that finished goods are shipped around the world quickly and cost effectively. There are Case Studies about Cummins on the website. Log on and look at different areas of the business. 20 To find out more on organisation al functions visit www. tt100. biz/cummins Pre-issued Case Studies P Some exams have pre-issued Case Studies – ask your teacher whether there will be any in your exam. A good way to get a feel for a pre-issued Case Study is to carry a SWOT analysis. This should let you pick out the main elements and possible problems/solutions that the organisation is facing. Remember Strengths and Weaknesses are internal, Opportunities and Threats are external. You should be able to identify the main topics from the specification you are following. Make sure you fully understand these topics by logging on to www. tt100. biz and using the topic navigation to go directly to a Case Study which covers that area. This will make sure you fully understand the topic and, importantly, can apply it in an exam situation. You’ll find lots of practice exams with answers at www. t100. biz. Practise answering these papers which are written in the same style as your real papers. This is excellent preparation. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints on levels of response, preparing for exams, an A-Z of help including topic summaries, definitions and much more. INTERACTIVE QUIZZES Test your knowledge with our interactive quizzes, check your results and try again to get them all right! Access specifications and practice papers through www. tt100. biz/students 21 Q Quantitative & Qualitative market research Quantitative data is information that can be measured. Questions with yes/no answers – known as closed questions – are used. Qualitative data is all about people’s feelings and opinions. It is often obtained through ‘open’ questions (i. e. What do you like about it? ). 1. Quantitative research. This involves collecting information from an appropriate sample of shoppers to find out what their views are of Homebase and the customer service that it offers. An important source is a postal survey which Homebase conducts amongst a sample of Spend & Save loyalty card holders. This is done three times a year to gauge satisfaction with, and loyalty to, Homebase. The survey allows Homebase to monitor satisfaction over time and highlight any areas that may be causing customers problems. Homebase is then able to analyse the frequency of problems relating to specific areas such as customer service, layout of stores, product range and delivery service. 2. Qualitative research typically involves smaller scale research about values and views rather than hard facts. For example, qualitative research involves interviewing small groups of customers to find out what their views are of customer service at Homebase. Exam Tip Questions often refer to sources of data. Make sure you know a few such as: †¢ questionnaire †¢ interviews †¢ web polls †¢ government sources. Also make sure you know the difference between primary and secondary research. Primary research is carried out by the firm itself. Secondary research is data a company finds that has been done by someone else. To read this Case Study and more on Homebase go to 22 www. tt100. biz/homebase Recruitment R This is the process from where an organisation decides it has a position vacant and needs to employ someone, to the point where application forms are submitted for the vacancy. Selection is the next step. Audi provides a comprehensive recruitment service to all Audi Centres, which includes role profiles, pay advice, recruitment advertising, interview guidelines and assessment centres for selection. Audi provides job descriptions for all roles including Apprentice and Audi Technician, based on researching the activities that high quality employees will be expected to perform. Testing Times What is the difference between a Job Description and Personnel Specification? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students For more detail on recruitment log onto www. tt100. biz/audi 23 S Stakeholders A stakeholder is any individual or group that is affected in some way by a company’s activities. The following identifies some of the stakeholders in Cadbury Schweppes: Stakeholder grouping Interest in the company Shareholders Owners of shares in the company. These are Looking for sustainable, healthy dividend payments primarily large institutions but also include a large and a rising share price. number of individual shareholders. Consumers Millions of people worldwide who buy and/or Wanting to buy treats or refreshments that provide consume Cadbury Schweppes products. hem with quality,taste and value. They also want to enjoy their favourite brands as well as exciting new products. Employees People who work for the company, Cadbury Looking to the company to offer good terms and Schweppes has over 50,000 employees around the conditions of employment, a healthy and safe world. working environment and opportunities for personal and professional development. Society Organisations the company works with that have an interest in the communities in which the company operates, such as local governments, international agencies, non-governmental organisations and trade unions. Wanting the company to act responsibly and respect the communities in which it operates. For example, assisting and supporting communities, respecting the environment, trading ethically and respecting human rights. Testing Times Customers and suppliers are also groups of stakeholders. †¢ What do they do? What do they want? Write your answer down and check it at www. tt100. biz/students To read this Case Study and more on Cadbury Schweppes log on to 24 www. tt100. biz/cadbury Training T Training is the development of skills and knowledge to allow employees to carry out their roles more efficiently. McDonald’s training involves a number of stages. The first is at the Welcome Meetings. These set out the company’s standards and expectations. This is followed by a structured development programme that provides training in all areas of business. Crew trainers work shoulder-to-shoulder with trainees while they learn the operations skills necessary for running each of the 11 workstations in each restaurant, from the front counter to the grill area. All employees learn to operate stateof-the-art foodservice equipment, gaining knowledge of McDonald’s operational procedures. The majority of training is floor based, or ‘on-the-job’ training because people learn more and are more likely to retain information if they are able to practise as they learn. All new employees have an initial training period. Here they are shown the basics and allowed to develop their skills to a level where they are competent in each area within the restaurant. The timescale for this depends on their status i. e. full or part-time. They will also attend classroom-based training sessions where they will complete workbooks for quality, service and cleanliness. Testing Times Can you think of three different types of training? For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/mcdonalds 25 U Unseen Case Studies You are not expected to develop a great deal of data analysis due to the time constraints – look for general trends in data. Has it got better or worse? Place a + or a – sign to help you when you look back. Ensure you use the actual figures given and not vague descriptions such as ‘it’s bigger’. You will get more marks is you say ‘the data shows an increase of 10%’. Try to look for themes within the case. What styles of management or communication can you see? Try to link these to the theory you have been taught and the specification you are following. The Times 100 has created a number of practice examinations to help you prepare for your final exam. Log on and download a practice paper then check how you would have done by accessing the mark scheme online. You can access all specifications through the website using the search by exam instructions. 26 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students View V View all the latest Case Study and exam information at www. t100. biz. You can download all the Case Studies and view them in different sizes depending on what you want: †¢ full size †¢ summary †¢ Brief Case. Make sure you keep checking back on the site as it will be updated with new material to support your lessons in class and help you prepare for examinations. No matter what Business Studies course you are taking you will find all the information you need a t www. tt100. biz. All the information can be downloaded which lets you design and build up an excellent set of notes for yourself to help you revise key topic areas. Seeing how real businesses deal with the same topics you are covering in school or at home will develop your understanding and appreciation. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 27 W www. tt100. biz www. tt100. biz for all your business studies needs. Differentiated to suit all needs and abilities and available online. Case Studies are available at three levels: †¢ full 2000 word versions as those in the binder †¢ summaries – 500 word – versions †¢ Brief Cases – 500 word versions – with shorter sentences and less technical words. Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at two levels, 14-16 and 16-18. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision – it’s up to you. Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst you’re on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. Glossary Check out what business words and phrases means by using our glossary of terms. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints 8 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Xchange of ideas X Xchange ideas with your friends about topic areas. You’ll probably find that your friends are really good at some of the areas you have problems with and that you’ll be able to help them in areas they are not so good in. Test each other with quick fire definitions and glossary of terms, all of which can be found on the websit e. Examiners like to see students using the right terms to support their work, which means they hand out a lot of marks for these areas. Don’t miss out on picking up some easy marks. Why not challenge one of your friends to an online quiz? See who really does know the most about a particular topic, and if you don’t do so well, practice so that next time you’ll come out on top – both in the quiz and in class. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 29 Y You You need to ensure that you are fully prepared for your examination. Past papers are excellent practice. You can get most of them free from the examination board website – with answers. You can access these from the links on www. tt100. biz. Just reading theory and business books will help to a point, but seeing how it really works will stick in your memory much better. The Times 100 Case Studies are written and designed to help you see how theory works in the real business world. Start making your own revision guides up. Pick out the parts from the Case Studies which interest and stimulate you. Mind mapping topics is a really good way to remember key areas. Look at the following – you can develop this as far as you need to. A Case Study like Arcadia will help you. Autocratic Democratic Characteristics Management Styles Theory Paternalistic Type of organisation 30 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students ZZZZZZZZZzzzzzzzzz Z Make sure you get plenty of rest before your exams. This means don’t leave the revision too late and try and cram it all in the night before. Research shows that little and often means you learn and remember more. Make sure you plan your time. Draw up a revision timetable which also builds in time for when you are not studying. Exercise and fresh air are equally important and keep will your body in shape as The Times 100 will keep your mind in shape. Starting revision early will ensure you don’t put yourself under excessive pressure and will allow you to identify topic areas that you are weak on or find difficult to understand. By identifying and tackling them early on you won’t be worrying about them. Don’t forget you can always ask your teacher for advice and guidance. Remember simple things such as keeping yourself hydrated can make a massive difference. So drink plenty of water! www. tt100. biz For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 31 Something new for Edition 10 At the bottom of our web pages you will find a magnifying glass. Behind some of the magnifying glasses there is a hidden letter. Collect the letters and re-arrange them to spell a well-known business studies term. Once you have registered your answer on our competition page, you will be asked a simple question, connected to the term. This will ensure your entry into our competition prize draw, where one lucky winner will receive vouchers for the High Street store of their choice. Go to www. tt100. biz and start searching today. Good luck!

Aristo Book 5 experiment answer Essay

HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View (Chemistry) Experiment Workbook 5 Suggested answers Chapter 52 Importance of industrial processes Chapter 53 Rate equation Experiment 53.1 Determining the rate equation of a reaction using method of initial rate (A microscale experiment) 1 Chapter 54 Activation energy Experiment 54.1 Determining the activation energy of a chemical reaction 3 Chapter 55 Catalysis and industrial processes Experiment 55.1 Investigating the action of a catalyst 6 Experiment 55.2 Investigating homogeneous catalysis 8 Experiment 55.3Investigating ways to change the rate of a reaction with a suitable catalyst 9 Experiment 55.3 Sample laboratory report 13 Experiment 55.4Preparing ethanol by fermentation 16 Chapter 56 Industrial processes Chapter 57 Green chemistry for industrial processes Chapter 53Rate equation Experiment 53.1Determining the rate equation of a reaction using method of initial rate (A microscale experiment) 7. and 11.(a) Well number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of drops of 0.5 M Na2S2O3(aq) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Time, t (s) 14.2 15.8 17.8 20.4 23.8 28.6 35.7 47.6 (sï€ ­1) 0.070 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.042 0.035 0.028 0.021 10. and 12.(a) Well number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of drops of 1.0 M H2SO4(aq) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Time, t (s) 59.4 59.7 60.0 60.7 59.9 60.0 61.0 60.5 (sï€ ­1) 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.017 11.(a)inversely (b) (c)1 12.(b)0 (c)From the results in Table 53.2, the readings of time are close, indicating that the reaction is of zeroth order with respect to H+(aq). 13.Rate = k[S2O32ï€ ­(aq)] 14.S2O32ï€ ­(aq) + 2H+(aq) ï‚ ® S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) 15.In this experiment, the time for the formation of a fixed, but small amount of insoluble sulphur precipitate is measured. The shorter the time, the faster is the reaction. It is assumed that the extent of reaction is still small when the time is recorded, so that the time recorded can be used as a measurement of initial rate of the reaction. Chapter 54Activation Energy Experiment 54.1Determining the activation energy of a chemical reaction 5. Temperature of the reaction mixture ( °C) 15 25 35 45 55 Time for the appearance of dark blue colour (s) 679 (at 11 °C) 232 (at 27 °C) 112 (at 37 °C) 80 (at 43 °C) 33 (at 56 °C) 6.(a)rate constant; activation energy; Universal gas constant; temperature; (b) log () ï€ ­2.83 ï€ ­2.37 ï€ ­2.05 ï€ ­1.90 ï€ ­1.52 3.52 3.33 3.23 3.16 3.04 (c) (d)ï€ ­2750 (e)slope = ï€ ­2750 = Ea = 2750 Ãâ€" 2.3 Ãâ€" 8.314 J molï€ ­1 = 52 586 J molï€ ­1 = 52.6 kJ molï€ ­1 7.Arrhenius equation; log k = log A 8.straight line; 9.S2O82ï€ ­(aq) + 2Iï€ ­(aq) ï‚ ® 2SO42ï€ ­(aq) + I2(aq) 10.To monitor the formation of iodine from the reaction of S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions and Iï€ ­(aq) ions. 11.When all S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions have reacted, any iodine formed will turn the starch solution dark blue. The time for this colour change is a measure of the rate of reaction shown in question 9. (Note: The reaction rate is inversely proportional to the time taken for the starch solution to turn dark blue.) 12.The amount of reactants used in each experiment may not be exactly the same. There may be an error in measuring or reading the temperatures from the thermometers. As the colour change of the solution mixture is not a sudden one, especially at low temperatures, there may be an error in recording the time of colour change. Chapter 55Catalysis and industrial processes Experiment 55.1Investigating the action of catalyst 1.(b)No. 5.(b) Time (s) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Volume of O2(g) released (cm3), with the addition of 0.5 g MnO2(s) 30 60 85 95 96 96 Time (s) 70 80 90 100 110 120 Volume of O2(g) released (cm3), with the addition of 0.5 g MnO2(s) 96 6.(b) Time (s) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Volume of O2(g) released (cm3), with the addition of 1.5 g MnO2(s) 70 90 95 96 96 Time (s) 70 80 90 100 110 120 Volume of O2(g) released (cm3), with the addition of 1.5 g MnO2(s) 8. 9.Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2(s) 10.2H2O2(aq) ï‚ ® 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 11.(a)The addition of manganese(IV) oxide greatly increases the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (b)(i)The initial rate of reaction is higher. (ii)The total time of reaction is shorter. (Note: increasing the amount of catalyst would increase the reaction rate.) (c)No. 12.Add more H2O2(aq) to the reaction mixture, rapid effervescence shows that manganese(IV) oxide has not been used up in the reaction. The catalytic property of manganese(IV) oxide is still present. Experiment 55.2Investigating homogeneous catalysis 5.Mixture ‘y’. It has a characteristic sweet smell like certain glues or nail polish removers. 6.ethyl ethanoate; concentrated sulphuric acid 7.CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) â‡Å' CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l) 8.Homogeneous catalyst. This is because all species are in the same phase in the reaction, i.e. the liquid phase. 9.Sodium carbonate solution reacts with any unreacted ethanoic acid left in the reaction mixture. The strong vinegar smell of ethanoic acid is thus removed. The salt sodium ethanoate formed has no smell. Besides, the ester is insoluble in water and floats on the water surface. This makes us easier to detect the smell of ester. Experiment 55.3Investigating ways to change the rate of a reaction with a suitable catalyst 1.Apparatus: Safety spectacles Protective gloves Conical flask (100 cm3) 5 measuring cylinders (10 cm3) Dropper Stopwatch Boiling tube White tile Chemicals: Ammonium peroxodisulphate solution (0.020 M) Potassium iodide solution (0.50 M) Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.010 M) 0.2% starch solution Iron(II) chloride solution (~0.010 M) Distilled water 2. What you will keep constant (Controlled variable) What you will change (Independent variable) What you will measure (Dependent variable) volume of ammonium peroxodisulphate solution volume of potassium iodide solution volume of sodium thiosulphate solution amount of 0.2% starch solution with or without using iron(II) solution the time for the appearance of the dark blue colour 3. Figure 1 4. (1)Using a measuring cylinder, add 10 cm3 of ammonium peroxodisulphate solution to a conical flask. (2)Using different measuring cylinders, add 5 cm3 of potassium iodide solution, 5 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution, 1 cm3 of iron(II) chloride solution and 2.5 cm3 of starch solution to a boiling tube. (3)Pour the contents in the boiling tube into the conical flask. (4)Immediately start the stopwatch. (5)When a dark blue colour of the starch-iodine complex appears in the solution, stop the stopwatch. (6)Record the time for the appearance of the dark blue colour in Table 1. (7)Repeat steps (1) to (6), but replace iron(II) chloride solution with 1 cm3 of distilled water. 5. Risk assessment form 6. Time for the appearance of the dark blue colour With Fe2+(aq) ions (as a catalyst) added 59 s Without any catalyst added 3 mins and 52 s Table 1 7.The reaction involves the collision of two negatively charged ions, S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions and Iï€ ­(aq) ions, which actually repel each other. 8.S2O82ï€ ­(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) ï‚ ® 2SO42ï€ ­(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Iï€ ­(aq) ï‚ ® 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(aq) 9.Referring to the two equations in question 8, the S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions oxidize the Fe2+(aq) ions to Fe3+(aq) ions. At the same time, the S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions are reduced to SO42ï€ ­(aq) ions. The Fe3+(aq) ions are strong oxidizing agents that oxidize Iï€ ­(aq) ions to I2(aq). At the same time, Fe3+(aq) ions are reduced back to Fe2+(aq) ions (i.e. the catalyst is regenerated). Both the equations shown in question 8 involve the collision between positive and negative ions. This will be much more likely to be successful than the collision between two negative ions in the uncatalysed reaction. Thus, the activation energy of this pathway will be lower and the reaction rate will also be higher. 10.The chemical reaction can be speeded up by the addition of iron(II) ions, which act as a homogeneous catalyst of this reaction. 11.It can be regenerated after the reaction. OR It is specific in action. OR A small amount of catalyst is usually enough for the catalytic action. 12.Homogeneous catalyst is one which has the same phase as the reactants and products. Sample laboratory report Title: Investigating ways to change the rate of a reaction with a suitable catalyst Objective To design and carry out an experiment to investigate ways to change the rate of a reaction – by the use of a suitable catalyst. Apparatus and materials Safety spectacles Protective gloves Conical flask (100 cm3) 5 measuring cylinders (10 cm3) Dropper Stopwatch Boiling tube White tile Ammonium peroxodisulphate solution (0.020 M) Potassium iodide solution (0.50 M) Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.010 M) 0.2% starch solution Iron(II) chloride solution (~0.010 M) Distilled water Chemical reactions involved S2O82ï€ ­(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) ï‚ ® 2SO42ï€ ­(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Iï€ ­(aq) ï‚ ® 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(aq) Procedure 1.Using a measuring cylinder, 10 cm3 of ammonium peroxodisulphate solution was added to a conical flask. 2.Using different measuring cylinders, 5 cm3 of potassium iodide solution, 5 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution, 1 cm3 of iron(II) chloride solution and 2.5 cm3 of starch solution were added to a boiling tube. 3.The contents in the boiling tube were poured into the conical flask. 4.The stopwatch was started immediately. 5.When a dark blue colour of the starch-iodine complex appeared in the solution, the stopwatch was stopped. 6.The time for the appearance of the dark blue colour was recorded in Table 1. 7.Steps (1) to (6) were repeated, but iron(II) chloride solution was replaced with 1 cm3 of distilled water. Results Time for the appearance of the dark blue colour With Fe2+(aq) ions (as a catalyst) added 59 s Without any catalyst added 3 mins and 52 s Table 1 After mixing all the chemicals in the conical flask, the reaction mixture with Fe2+(aq) ions will take a shorter time for the dark blue colour to appear. Analysis 1. In the absence of Fe2+(aq) ions, the reaction between S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions and I ­Ã‚ ­Ã¯â‚¬ ­(aq) ions is slow. As both reactant ions are negatively charged, they tend to repel each other. However, when Fe2+(aq) ions are added, the reaction becomes faster. Fe2+(aq) ions have the same phase (i.e. aqueous phase) as the reactants and products, so they are homogeneous catalyst of this reaction. 2. Fe2+(aq) ions is a reducing agent which can reduce S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions to SO42ï€ ­(aq) ions. The Fe3+(aq) ions formed act as an oxidizing agent, which oxidize I ­Ã‚ ­Ã¯â‚¬ ­(aq) ions to I2(aq) ions and regenerate Fe2+(aq) ions again. Being a catalyst, Fe2+(aq) ions are not consumed in the catalytic process. Discussion 1.Either Fe2+(aq) ions are Fe3+(aq) ions is a good choice of catalyst for this reaction because the interconversion between Fe2+ and Fe3+ facilitates the reaction between S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions and I ­Ã‚ ­Ã¯â‚¬ ­(aq) ions to occur. 2.The catalytic property of Fe2+(aq) ions may be due to the fact that it is easier for the negatively charged S2O82ï€ ­(aq) ions to approach the positively charged Fe2+(aq) ions. The same is true when the positively charged Fe3+(aq) ions formed can approach the negatively charged I ­Ã‚ ­Ã¯â‚¬ ­(aq) ions easier. 3.The experiment is just a simple test tube experiment but the result (colour change) is quite obvious and easy to detect. Conclusion The chemical reaction can be speeded up by the addition of Fe2+(aq) ions, which act as a homogeneous catalyst of this reaction. Answers to questions for further thought 11.It can be regenerated after the reaction. OR It is specific in action. OR A small amount of catalyst is usually enough for the catalytic action. 12.Homogeneous catalyst is one which has the same phase as the reactants and products. Experiment 55.4Preparing ethanol by fermentation 3.(b) Glucose solution with yeast Glucose solution without yeast Appearance of the glucose solution a pale brown suspension a clear solution Observations in the limewater clear and colourless clear and colourless 6.(d)Acidified potassium dichromate solution changes colour from orange to green. (f)No colour change for the acidified potassium dichromate solution. 7. Glucose solution with yeast Glucose solution without yeast Appearance of the glucose solution cloudy; a pale brown suspension clear, no visible change Observations in the limewater milky remains clear and colourless Smell of the glucose solution a smell of alcohol no characteristic smell 8.catalyst 9.ethanol; carbon dioxide 10.The solution turns milky. It indicates that carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation. 11.In the presence of yeast, glucose is converted to ethanol. The presence of ethanol is indicated by the colour change of the reaction with acidified potassium dichromate solution. Ethanol is a reducing agent. It reduces dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions.

Date Rape and Date Rape Drugs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Date Rape and Date Rape Drugs - Assignment Example The UCR statistic on rape collects information on the number of female victims involved in forcible rape incidences ((Doerner & Lab, 2012). The NCVS, an abbreviation for National Crime Victimization Survey, is a survey which interviews victims of crime about their experiences. The NCVS was introduced in the 1960s to complement the UCR. NVCS surveys gather crime specific information such as when and where the crime happened, the weapon used and victim-offender relationship. NVCS covers 7 counts of crime in two categories namely personal crimes and household crimes. Personal crimes include rape, sexual assault, robbery and aggravated assault. The NVCS statistics on rape covers both male and female victims (Doerner & Lab, 2012). The UCR greatest strength is that it is easily available as it is a primary source of crime estimates. The UCR statistics report is a summary of all reported cases of crime to law enforcement agencies. The UCR captures a lot of information on index crimes, both in terms of arrest and reports. Secondly, the UCR introduces a common metric for measuring crime in the US states. The FBI division of crime as personal and property offenses does not apply to states statutes and codes. The UCR offers a uniform measure for the 50 US states. Lastly, the UCR is continuous as new crimes are collected all the time through law enforcement offices, unlike the NVCS which requires support systems. However, the UCR has serious shortcomings. First of all, it only accounts for police reported crimes. This is a major setback as there are a lot of crimes that go unreported. Consequently, UCR suffers from ‘the dark figure of crime’. Secondly, UCR fails to collect all the relevant data. The UCR only collects data on the offender, victim’s crime details, but only details the circumstance for homicide cases. It fails to capture the weapon used ion forcible rape, and captures only data for female victims, as rape on

The Question Of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Question Of Obesity - Essay Example The answer is of course, no. The road to a healthy mind in a healthy body is just being moderate in the food we consume. When one says â€Å"junk food,† one thinks of juicy, meaty hamburgers, cheeseburgers, deep-fried French fries, ice creams with tons of chocolate in them, cookies and cakes, etc. And this is exactly what McDonald’s offers: delicious junk food. The history of this widely renowned franchise is long and vast. It has been in public service ever since 1940, and as they claim, they’ve â€Å"managed not just to live history, but to create it.† They have come a long way from drive-thru restaurants which offered just hamburgers and Coca-Cola and have developed into the largest chain of hamburger food restaurants, serving more than 58 million customers daily. In addition, they provide the customers with a chart that shows detailed nutritional information on their menu items, plus ingredient and allergen information. Their aim is to supply its consumers with quality food to balance busy lives. Now, the question of living a healthy lifestyle is all about what to consume and what to steer clear of. With regular exercise and having a strong character, one need not lock his cupboard in fear of eating everything sweet, greasy or fattening there is inside. The same thing is with McDonald’s. If you feel like having a hamburger every once in a while, by all means, treat yourself to one. Because there is nothing worse than denying yourself something you crave for. We should feel free to indulge in a Premium Crispy Chicken Club Sandwich, a Grilled Chipotle Barbecue Snack Wrap, a Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese or a Big N’ Tasty with Cheese. And, we should top it off with Coca-Cola, Minute Maid Orange Juice or Vanilla Triple Thick Shake.

DXNs Marketing Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DXNs Marketing Plan - Case Study Example This business includes dietary food supplements, beverages, personal care products, household products and water treatment system. These products are popularly known as DXN products. "Dato Dr. Lim started the business in quest of the benefits of mushroom on human health" (Corporate Information, 2009). DXN products are based on the Chinese mushroom called ganoderma which is considered the food of the immortals in Daoism. Ganoderma has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of such diseases and disorders as cancer and arthritis, and its bio medicinal value is now being established through a wealth of published literature. DXN uses Multi Level Marketing (MLM) or is commonly known as Network Marketing (DXN marketing, http://www.dxnmalaysia.com/) in promoting and advertising their products. Through network marketing, the rapid global expansion of DXN is recognized internationally by its vast growth of members worldwide and its amplification of footprint in key strategic locations. With over four million registered distributors worldwide, DXN is solidifying its position as the world leader in Ganoderma products (Corporate Information, 2009). DXNs high regard for quality earned the company many outstanding citations and recognitions from various health and business organizations. Since its inception in 1993, "DXN has upheld its concept of One Dragon, One World One Market and One Mind. With this powerful concept, DXN has sailed through continuous growth over the years" (Castillo 2009). DXN logo symbolizes success in business with a very strong marketing plan. Red represents fire to symbolize the company's fighting spirit to progress. Green represents trees to symbolize the dynamic growth and expansion of its market. Blue represents water to symbolize the company as the foundation for all the vigorous developments. The Red Oval symbolizes the rising sun to represent aggressiveness, single-mindedness and persistence in achieving DXNs vision. The Green Branches symbolizes Ganoderma to represent the company's strong commitments for growth and relentless striving to achieve excellence by focusing on health-based industry. The Blue Horizontal Line symbolizes the company as the power source for the impetus of business development (devinder 2007). The growth and life span of any company lies in the strength of its products. DXN products are superior health food products catering to the ever-increasing demands of this health-conscious world. The efficacy of these products alone is proven through many testimonies received from our 2.5 million consumers based worldwide. These products have benefited and helped many people. And on top of enjoying a healthy life because of DXN products, members are assured of lucrative bonuses. The assurance of an excellent product with growing awareness and steady demands, together with a committed company mission holds many promises for an investment that you can be proud of. Target Audiences (Distributors, Consumers) In every business big or small, we have our goal to achieve. Audiences play an important role in achieving this goal because "they are the important stakeholder" (Identify The Target Audience, 2009, par.1). Therefore we must clearly define our targeted

Response Journal 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response Journal 5 - Essay Example According to the CNN article, Transocean, the owner of the rig is blaming BP for its missteps which caused the spill. In the said article, Transocean pointed out that the explosion was the result of "a succession of interrelated well design, construction, and temporary abandonment decisions" that "compounded the likelihood of its failure," (CNN). If the claims of Transocean are true, we can conclude that an engineering decision was partly to blame for the spill. In fact even BP’s investigation revealed a failure in engineering design. As we all know, this spill caused widespread harm to the people, the environment and the wildlife of the region. A major implication of the engineering decisions in this incident is its effect in the environment. Marine life has been largely devastated. The aquatic food chain was disturbed causing the death of a multitude of organisms, several varieties of fish and other sea creatures. The economic implication of the spill is that the people whos e livelihood depends on the ocean now risk losing their means of survival. The social implication can be seen in how the spill affected the health of the workers at the rig and the people within the vicinity. Another important implication of the engineering decisions that led to the oil spill is in the area of politics. Government must have the will to restore the Gulf to its previous healthy condition.

Revenue Recognition for a Computer Hardware Company Essay

Revenue Recognition for a Computer Hardware Company - Essay Example At the beginning of 2001 the Enron Corporation scandal was covered by the media. The consequence of cooking up the numbers for Enron was a complete depreciation of its corporate stocks and an eventual bankruptcy filing. In this current market investors are weary and need reassurances that public companies are making sure its accounting and financial numbers are legit. The smallest irregularities could seriously affect the firm’s secondary stock issuance which is set for February of 2002. There are some issues that need to be attended immediately concerning the revenue recognition practices of the company. The company’s main auditors, Peale & Gowell & Quill, are concerned about four particular financial transactions that occurred recently. I am also concern about the transactions which involved revenue recognition. Most of these transaction are not recognizing the company’ revenue in the correct manner and will affect this financial results of this fiscal year by overstating the actual income of the company. The transactions are violating the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and accounting theory. The revenue recognition principle states that revenue may be recognize in the accounting period in which it is earned (Weygant & Kieso & Kimmel, 2002, p.90). The first irregular transaction involves a transaction between the company and Elegant Housing. In this sale the company took a $20,000 non-refundable retainer and gave Elegant $400,000 of merchandise on trail a basis for six months. The company recognized the entire sum as earned revenue. This transaction i s wrong and should not be registered in this way. An accountant must always follow the principle of conservatism, which states that when in doubt the accounting alternative that is least likely to overstate assets and profits should be chosen (Narayanan & Bukart, 2005). A proper recognition of the transaction would be recognizing $20,000 as

Forecasting future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism Research Paper

Forecasting future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism - Research Paper Example digital crime and terrorism large number of analysis and data collection is being done all over the world to minimize the digital terror (Taylor, Tory J. Caeti, & Eric J. Fritsch, 2006). People are finding new ways to stay protected from such crimes which are unethical. The eight forecasts that can help stop these crimes are as follows: As the number of cyber-crimes increases, the number of reports will also increase drastically. For this reason officers need to be trained with respect to the new emerging technologies. Also, the attorneys and judges should have more knowledge about these crimes. Recent studies show that that officer in computer crime department are overworked and are stressed. Therefore they need better training to cope up with the technology. Many reports have been received about people complaining that they are getting hurtful comments from unknown individuals. For this reason new laws are being developed to prevent and challenge these crimes and attorneys and judges are being acknowledged (Raisinghani, 2004). The second forecast is the major threat to people which is the internet fraud. Large number of people will be affected by this terror in many ways such as identity theft. Identity theft can be done from a stranger or even a member of family. It is usually done for financial gain. Now days when everyone has internet at their homes people use internet to buy many products. This brings up the identity theft problem. For this reason it is necessary to notify individuals about the emerging problem (Taylor, Tory J. Caeti, & Eric J. Fritsch, 2006). The third forecast is to create new laws and also to come up with new methodologies to fight these crimes, that is, people should have more education about them, how to prevent such crime and also how the investigation should be done. As very soon these crimes will occur in larger of numbers. For example: cyber stalking. It is the act of harassing people electronically through text messages, email

Minority Corporate Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minority Corporate Leader - Assignment Example The paper further draws clarity from the way a leader deals with situations and various outcomes. Upon keen exploration of Sage, it is clear that leaders have to enhance teamwork and approach every situation with a clear and innovative mind. Minority Corporate Leader Leadership is an indulging role in any sector. Leaders have to be assertive and make decisions depending on prevailing situations. Apparently, many decisions are made depending on the situation at hand. Some decisions require harnessing information and discussing with relevant stakeholders parties. With such an approach, a leader is definitely going to arrive at the right decision (Armstrong, 2011). However, neglecting some of these aspects could lead to poor decision making. For example, when making a decision in the nursing sector, there is the need to incorporate all the concerned parties. This will ensure that decision implementation is smooth and all inclusive. Ola Sage is 45 years old and exhibits the desirable cha racteristics of a leader. She is married and lives in Silver Spring. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Strayer University and a master’s degree from George Mason University. She is currently the CEO of E-management, which is a federal Information Technology company. Since its inception, Sage has been skeptical about improving the performance of the company to greater heights. In the initial stages, the company was struggling to stay put in the market since it was not attracting a large number of people in demand for its services. She has struggled to develop the company to reach out to a larger market in offering its services. Previously, Sage had dreams of becoming a concert pianist. However, she decided to concentrate on offering IT services. This was a successful idea as she is currently one of the most respected IT experts. The first aspect that should be considered in a leader is the way a leader overcomes barriers. In any sector, there is a high probability that there will be barriers, challenges and setbacks. Ola Sage is a leader that accepts challenges while managing other people. She states that a challenge in a work place strengthens a leader. As such, she is decisive and makes the appropriate changes when there are challenges. For example, the technology sector is changing and improving with each passing day. As such, there is a need for a leader that will give a positive approach to these enhancements (Reese, 2003). This includes purchase of better and improved technology. This ensures the organization is prepared to face all the other challenges in the sector. Similarly, Sage ensures all the other workers are incorporated into finding solutions for the barriers of success. Apparently, she states that a leader has to be on the forefront in overcoming barriers. Such a leader is destined for greatness as all the barriers and challenges will be solved in the meanest time. As such, the organization will be on a gradual improvement. Team building is an important aspect in an organization. An organization that ensures the workers are working as a team is on the verge of making positive accrual with time. For example, all the leaders should work in unison with the other workers. Sage acknowledges that all leaders should enhance team work each and every time in an organization. She states that people should accept that they are not able to make accomplishments on their own. As such, they should decipher that every person

Respondeat Superior Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Respondeat Superior Paper - Assignment Example The significance of this doctrine is that it gives the injured party the chance to recover losses or damages incurred, by making the employer liable for all the injuries brought about by an employee’s actions, provided that this employee is operating within the scope of employment. In this case stated, the surgeon has a vicarious liability for the patient’s death. It is very determinable that the nurse-anesthetist’s action led to the death of the patient. It is the nurse-anesthetist who had administered anesthesia without paying close attention to the patient’s oxygen intake. The nurse-anesthetist’s negligence also caused her to fail to detect the vital signs of lack of oxygen, until the patient reached the precipice of a cardiac arrest. This alone gives a very strong ground for a Respondeat Superior case. Some of the Respondeat Superior lawsuits include death, injury, or incomplete treatment. Like this case, most Respondeat Superior cases stem from an unintentional and unforeseen failure to detect or carry out an action. It is beyond gainsay that both the surgeon and the nurse-anesthetist did not intend to harm the patient, but their unforeseen failure caused the patient’s death. It is also imperative to note that the nurse-anesthetist was acting as an employee in the line of duty. ... The import is that the deceased patient’s family, as well as the plaintiff, will easily prove that the nurse-anesthetist is an employee of the surgeon’s institution. Similarly, all the acts she had carried out were part of the treatment. The administration of anesthesia was done to prepare the patient for surgical intervention. This will greatly help the plaintiff prove that the nurse-anesthetist erred within the scope of employment. In another wavelength, noting that vicarious liability entails strict secondary responsibility is also important in understanding the surgeon’s liability for the nurse-anesthetist’s actions. This aspect of secondary liability is brought about by the surgeon being superior to the nurse-anesthetist. It is because of this hierarchical relation between the surgeon and the nurse-anesthetist that not only makes the nurse-anesthetist to prepare the patient for the surgeon’s work, but also makes the surgeon responsible for all the acts executed by his subordinate, the nurse-anesthetist. Again, Lewis and Gardner (2000) divulge that the conditions that describe vicarious liability are very wide, thereby giving the surgeon’s culpability a wider threshold. Particularly, vicarious liability in Respondeat Superior broadly imputes responsibility on any third party, provided that the third party possesses the authority and duty of control. The gravity behind this development is that even if the plaintiff may not in the court of law identify the very nurse-anesthetist; yet, by adducing the results of the investigations, the plaintiff will have rendered the surgeon fully liable. Since the results

Seasons of the Year Essay Example for Free

Seasons of the Year Essay It was the summer break and we were hanging out at Nadias back porch. The day was the   epitome of summer: warm day, light breeze, white cotton dresses swaying among green grass. We were enjoying tall glasses of iced tea and freshly-baked oatmeal cookies, while trading stories. It was just like when we were kids, barely into puberty and boys. That was a time of daily neighborhood bike trips, of flowers nicked from unsuspecting neighbors, of promises that we will never be separated from each other, which we swore to by having identical ballpoint tattoos, of ending our daily adventures with tall, cold glasses of iced tea and freshly-baked cookies supplied by Nadias accommodating father, while listening to Lizs never ending (but never boring) tall tales. Those were the best months of my life, and I only realize that now, when they have become a distant past. Like the tire tracks we left with our bikes, the flowers we innocently uprooted, the washable tattoos, the ice cubes in the long-since consumed iced tea and oatmeal cookies, the words Liz used to narrate her imaginative stories, we took these for granted, reassured that we can do them again and again. The foolishness of youth. Who would have thought that Nadias father would be involved in a car accident, and become semi-paralyzed while we were in high school? Who would have thought that vibrant Liz would drop out of college in our second year to join an organization that deals with human rights violations overseas? And who would have thought Diana would become separated from Nadia, Carrie, and me as she leaves for Florida in a few days before flying to Japan? Our last summer of being together, before high school graduation, I realized that autumn does come early. And so does the desolation of winter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We were looking up at the blue sky when Liz suggested we go somewhere. We were all for it, as it was our first summer together since we started college, but we had no idea where to go. All of a sudden, Diana suggested we go to Hollywood now. We knew it was crazy, but we immediately got up, piled into Carries car, and drove away with all five of us in the car. All we had were the bills and coins in our pockets and knapsacks, the clothes on our backs, Carries car, Nadias camera, and each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the first stop, we bought beer and junk food. Everyone except for Carrie drank; Nadia also drank, albeit she only had a bottle. She kept taking pictures of everyone, from Lizs crazy tongue stunts, to Dianas impersonations, to my dazed reaction to everything (â€Å"What? Where are we? Whats that?†), to the view of outside from Carries seat. We were being crazy and immature, and it was like being back again to our childhood summers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was a long car ride, but I do not remember much of what transpired then. Only, I was looking outside for sometime, and I was amazed at how one feels a certain attachment towards clouds; we were in a moving vehicle, yet I kept on looking at a certain cloud, pulling it towards me as we drove to Hollywood. The sky behind it kept on changing hues: blue, red, purple. I knew that no two clouds looked alike, especially in different seasons; yet, they are still clouds, made of the same material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We soon reached Hollywood, and being inebriated, transformed into giddy kids in a playground. The rest of the Hollywood tour I can only remember in a drunken blur: taking pictures with nadias camera hand prints of stars taking pictures of the stars themselves of crazy food in crowded diners of break dancing kids of shimmering lights of gangs approaching people and bashing pounding shouting running around hollywood looking for the car walking to the same places over and over and over again   losing the car carrie panicking shivering shouting crying taking the bus home drowsy because of the rocking bus like waves of the sea   looking up at night-time clouds still same clouds though different diana running frantic to airport plane bound for florida is boarding when we arrive hugging goodbye waving tears laughter friends   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking back, I have always seen summer as the best time of the year. It was the most familiar to me, the most comforting; I get to be with my friends again, and just hang out. Cotton dresses are always softer, and green grass is greener during summer. I get to watch the blue sky as familiar, white fluffy clouds drift. Yet, I have forgotten that they are the same water vapor forming shapes, whatever the season, just as my friends are still my friends, wherever we may be, how old we may be. I have also forgotten that though autumn may come early, it also brings with it the promise of a new summer. And if summer does end early, I can always pull out all those summer memories and remember.

Assessment And Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Assessment And Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results from absolute or relative deficiency of circulating insulin (Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Kreisberg RA, 2006). DKA is characterized by severe depletion of water and electrolytes from both the intra and extracellular fluid compartments. Despite their dehydration, patients continue to maintain normal blood pressure and have considerable urine output until extreme volume depletion and shock occurs leading to a critical decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Assessment: Perform a clinical evaluation to confirm the diagnosis and determine its cause. Carefully look for evidence of infection. Also weigh the patient. Assess clinical severity of dehydration. Assess level of consciousness using Glasgow coma scale [GCS]. Management: Laboratory blood glucose should be measured at diagnosis. An ECG monitor should be applied until the patient is stable. Consulate the Diabetes Team as soon as possible for a decision on continuing management. Transfer to subcutaneous (SC) insulin one the patient is able to eat and drink properly. Do not stop the IV insulin until SC insulin has been given. Patient with known diabetes should go back to their previous insulin regimen. If possible identify the precipitating cause of DKA. Always inform the Diabetes Team so that education can be given to reduce the risk of future episodes of DKA. Hyperosmolar non ketotic coma (HONK): Type 2 diabetes, usually in patients over 60 years. This condition is characterized by hyperglycemia and high plasma osmolality without significant keton-uria or acidosis (Pinies JA, Cairo G, Gaztambide S, et al.1994). Assessment: Same as Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but look for precipitating medical condition, e.g. sepsis, myocardial infarction etc Management: Management of Hyperosmolar non ketotic coma is same as DKA . Also the insulin infusion rate should be halved as paradoxically these patients can be quite insulin sensitive. Elderly patients are more likely to need a CVP line to optimize fluid replacement. Risk of thromboembolic disease is high anticoagulant fully if no contraindications. Most patient can be managed with oral hypoglycemic agents or diet, but recovery of insulin may take time and insulin may be required for few weeks. Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia is the result of a mismatch between insulin dose, food consumed, and recent exercise and is rarely, if ever, a spontaneous event (Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Farhy LS, Straume M, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke WL,2003).Because it can be accompanied by unpleasant, embarrassing, and potentially dangerous symptoms and because it causes significant anxiety and fear in the patient and their caregivers, its occurrence is a major limiting factor in attempts to achieve near normal BG levels (Clarke WL, Gonder-Frederick A, Snyder AL, Cox DJ 1998,Cryer PE 2002). Assessment: Each hypoglycaemic episode should be assessed carefully to determine its cause evaluating the insulin action profile (time of insulin administration, peak insulin action and intensity of insulin action). Check the recent food intake (timing and amount of carbohydrates eaten and peak BG effect on recent food. Also check recent physical activity (timing, duration and intensity). Also check and missed signs and symptoms of early hypoglycaemia. Management: Management of hypoglycemia involves immediately raising the blood sugar to normal, determining the cause, and taking measures to hopefully prevent future episodes. Initially Glucose 10-20 g is given by mouth either in liquid form or as granulated sugar (2 teaspoons) or sugar lumps (Smeeks FC, 2006). If hypoglycemia causes unconsciousness, or patient is unco-operative, 50 mL of glucose intravenous (IV) infusion 20% can be given. Alternatively, 25 mL of glucose intravenous infusion 50% may be given, but this higher concentration is viscous, making administration difficult; it is also more irritant. Once the patient regains consciousness oral glucose should be administered as above. References : Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Kreisberg RA. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006 Dec: 29(12): 2739-48. Hanas R, Lindgren F, Lindblad B. A 2-yr national population study of pediatric ketoacidosis in Sweden: predisposing conditions and insulin pump use. Pediatr Diabetes 2009 Feb: 10(1): 33-7. McDonnell CM, Pedreira CC, Vadamalayan B, Cameron FJ, Werther GA. Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolarity and hypernatremia: are high-carbohydrate drinks worsening initial presentation? Pediatr Diabetes 2005 Jun: 6(2): 90-4. Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C, Petitti DB, Pihoker C, Rodriguez B, et al. Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008 May: 121(5): e1258-66. Pinies JA, Cairo G, Gaztambide S, et al. Course and prognosis of 132 patients with diabetic non ketotic hyperosmolar state. Diabete Metab 1994; 20: 43-48. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Kumar A, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke WL. Algorithmic evaluation of metabolic control and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose data. Diabetes Technol Ther 2003: 5: 817-828. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Farhy LS, Straume M, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke WL. Episodes of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes are preceded and followed within 48 hours by measurable disturbances in blood glucose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000: 85: 4287-4292. Clarke WL, Gonder-Frederick A, Snyder AL, Cox DJ. Maternal fear of hypoglycemia in their children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1998: 11(Suppl. 1) : 189-194. Cryer PE. Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of type I and type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2002: 45: 937-948. Strategies for Dealing with the Psychological Issues such as Fear and Anxiety Associated with Diagnosis of Cancer, and How These Can Improve Coping A diagnosis of breast cancer is a great shock. Women report that they fear breast cancer more than heart disease, even though they have a better chance of surviving breast cancer, and dying of stroke or heart failure. Breast cancer has been with us since the early Egyptians, and fear of this disease as well as the treatments for it, seems to be inherent in women all across the world. Normal Emotions and Breast Cancer Here are some normal emotions that you may experience at diagnosis and during treatment. Fear, shock Denial Anger Depression Sadness Anxiety Stress Guilt Loneliness, alienation Hope Physical Responses to Strong Emotions As you begin to deal with diagnosis and treatment, your body will be reacting to emotions as well as surgery and drugs. Your physical responses to the overall stress may be: Fear trouble sleeping, headaches, body aches Anger change in blood pressure Depression fatigue, crying, feeling moody Stress pain, irritability, tension Unresolved or Unexpressed Emotions May Lead to Other Problems You are not alone with your diagnosis or your emotions. Expressing your feelings can give you quite a bit of relief, helping you move forward in your journey. Not all of us are freely expressive, but there are safe and creative outlets for your feelings. Letting out your emotions will help you get support and heal more quickly. Your bottled-up emotions may lead to: Loneliness, withdrawal from others Frustration Hopelessness Feeling out of control Emotional Concerns and Breast Cancer When youve accepted your diagnosis, you may be facing other emotional concerns. The loss of a breast, or part of a breast, has an impact that goes beyond the physical fact. If aggressive treatment is required, it might have long-term impact on your health. It is normal to be concerned about: Fear of recurrence Loss of attractiveness Difficulty with sexual function Loss of fertility Coping With and Surviving Breast Cancer You can improve your emotional health and reduce your physical symptoms with good coping strategies. A study published in the Journal of Psychosocial Oncology reports that women who get help with pain and emotional distress have lower levels of anxiety, fatigue and depression. Here are some ways to cope with your emotions: Communicate with family and friends Maintain intimacy (if you have a partner) Visit with a counselor or spiritual director Join a support group Express your needs and ask for help Report your symptoms to your healthcare team Keep a log of medical visits, save test results, keep receipts Educate yourself about your cancer and treatments Exercise Make plans for a crisis Getting Help for Emotions Is Not a Sign of Weakness You may feel under pressure to be strong or act brave when you least feel that way. Perhaps you dont easily share your feelings with others. You may be in a position of responsibility and trust, and feel like you must contain your fears and hide your disease or the effects of treatment. Sharing these feelings and struggles may make you feel vulnerable. A study published in the Journal of Personality shows that women with breast cancer who do express their anger, fear, sadness, and affection in a group setting live longer than women who suppress these emotions. Here are some ways to express your emotions and boost your emotional and physical health: Make time to talk to family members Communicate with friends and coworkers Attend a support group, or join an online support list Find a good therapist and commit to regular visits Take-Home Message Your feelings about breast cancer and its affect on your body, family, relationships, finances, and mortality are valid and normal. Expressing your emotions and needs will help boost your mental and physical health. Letting it out lets you live longer! Sources: Journal of the American Geriatric Society. Effect of depression on diagnosis, treatment, and survival of older women with breast cancer. Published January 2004. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology. Examining the influence of coping with pain on depression, anxiety, and fatigue among women with breast cancer. Published 2005. National Institute of Health. Womens Fear of Heart Disease Has Almost Doubled in Three Years, But Breast Cancer Remains Most Feared Disease. Published 2008. National Cancer Institute. Support for People with Cancer Taking Time. Published 2005. California Breast Cancer Research Program. Does Change in Emotional Expression Mediate Cancer Survival? Final Report Published 1999. Breast cancer is an uninvited and life-altering event frequently associated with a rapid entry into a challenging treatment regimen and a long process of learning to cope with significant physical, practical, and emotional challenges (Boehmke Dickerson, 2006). Boehmke, M., Dickerson, S. (2006). The diagnosis of breast cancer: Transition from health to illness. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33(6), 1121-1127. Breast cancer can engender negative emotional and interpersonal responses throughout the continuum of cancer care (including the phases of diagnosis, treatment, survivorship, and end of life) (Ganz et al., 1996). Support groups have become central to psychosocial interventions for cancer patients because they provide a confidential atmosphere where cancer patients can discuss their challenges and insights with each other. Compared to control groups, patients who participate in support groups have fewer self-reported physical symptoms, lower cortisol levels, better immune system function and quality of life, and longer survival time (Winzelberg, A. J., Classen, C., Alpers, G. W., Roberts, H., Koopman, C., Adams, R. E., et al. (2003). Ganz, P. A., Coscarelli, A., Fred, C., Kahn, B., Polinsky, M. L., Petersen, L. (1996). Breast cancer survivors: Psychosocial concerns and quality of life. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 38(2), 183-199. Winzelberg, A. J., Classen, C., Alpers, G. W., Roberts, H., Koopman, C., Adams, R. E., et al. (2003). Evaluation of an internet support group for women with primary breast cancer. Cancer, 97(5), 1164-1173. However, face-to-face groups, as noted above, have improved well-being, but often pose barriers to people with limited mobility or who live a distance from where they are held. A growing number of patients use online support groups, which are available anytime in the privacy of ones home Eysenbach, G. (2003). The impact of the internet on cancer outcomes. Cancer Journal of Clinicians, 53, 356-371. Understanding how cancer patients use online support groups is an important factor in determining the value of Internet-based services to support cancer patients. Research that characterizes communication patterns can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate positive coping with cancer diagnosis, treatment, survival, or death. A growing body of research on online support group messages suggests that qualitative analysis is a valuable method for categorizing patient cancer-related experiences and concerns, identifying existing gaps in knowledge, and guiding priorities for future research (Eysenbach Till, 2001) Eysenbach, G., Till, J. E. (2001). Ethical issues in qualitative research on internet communities. British Medical Journal, 323(10), 1103-1105. Belinda has just had her right breast removed, and she is not feeling alright. In fact, she has not been feeling alright since the moment the doctor told her she was symptomatic. Even if it turns out the mastectomy was completely successful and she becomes a survivor, Belinda will probably still continue to feel psychological anxiety about the possible recurrence of her cancer, not to mention embarrassment about the aesthetic change to her body. The key to helping Belinda is a strong social support network, connections to her ordinary life and high quality nursing communication. Depression Mood Disorder occurs within 10 25% of cancer patients, and physical reactions include palpatations, high blood pressure (seen in Belinda), anxiety and depression. Depression and anxiety can lead to social regression, poor medical compliance, and even suicide. If Belinda becomes depressed she is likely to stay in hospital longer, and complain more of adverse drug effects. Depression makes patients highly sensitised, meaning they are more likely to experience vomiting, nausea and anorexia than a patient in a more positive frame of mind, and their discomfort may eventually cause them to stop treatment. Strategies for battling this sensitisation include fully informing patients of adverse drug symptoms ahead of time, explaining that all drugs have adverse symptoms but not all patients experience them, and that having a positive attitude can have a big impact. (Zhou, Duan, Zhou, Cai, Huang, Zeng Zu, 2010). Patient fear begins the moment the patient is informed that they have cancer. While being told she was symptomatic, Belinda would have struggled to take in more complex information (Gunderman Brown, 2010). In most cases it is important to organise a follow-up appointment a few days following so that the cancer can be fully explained. Disbelief can be exacerbated if Belinda was feeling completely healthy at the time. (Gunderman et al., 2010). Additionally, fertility preservation needs to be discussed early in fertile patients, as chemotherapy can lead to infertility a fact that can be extremely upsetting later on (Wilkes, Coulson, Crosland, Rubin Stewart, 2010). For Indigenous patients of Cherbourg, while cancer occurrence in Indigenous Australians is lower than the overall population, cancer mortality is higher because many Indigenous Australians distrust westernised health facilities and will only present when they are very unwell. Many Indigenous Australians link cancer with curses, imminent unstoppable death and contagion, and dont seek treatment or hide symptoms because they believe they have done wrong, deserve illness, the outcome is already decided, they feel ashamed of their wrong-doing or they fear ostracism. These beliefs are prevalent in urban as well as rural populations (Shahid, Finn, Bessarab Thompson, 2010) and bush medicine is widely used. Encouragingly, Indigenous health care workers can find a successful balance between traditional and westernised medicine. Developing this balance in Indigenous Australian patients will allow them to participate in their own care. Nurses can consciously bring up the subject of traditional medicines and discuss these with the patient and family, as well as provide information about cancer in plain language so that patients can make informed decisions. (Shahid et al., 2010). In the case of younger Cherbourg cancer patients, teenaged and young adult cancer patients often feel quite out of place as they are either the oldest in paediatric unit or the youngest in an adult unit at the hospital. Additionally they are developing into independent adults, but are suddenly thrown back into a dependent role as cancer patients. They require high levels of social networking support. These dilemmas have been battled by a hospital in Denmark where teenaged and young adult (15 22 years) cancer patients are placed in a dedicated youth unit and are involved in specialised care appropriate to their age and needs. This includes network meetings involving the patient, family, friends the patient selects, and health care workers involved in the patients care. These meetings allow the nurse to be the voice for the patient, letting friends know the patient needs support and might find it hard to ask, and letting the parents know the patient may need some parent-free hours. Th e nurse can also make the space youth friendly, offering friends chips and soft drink when they visit so that they will return and helping them schedule so that at least one friend visits each week. (Olsen Harder, 2011). Generally, the key with all cancer patients, including Belinda, is to encourage a strong social support network, encourage them to be involved in their normal lives as much as possible, and communicate both information and empathy. Getting patients involved in their own treatment, such as encouraging them to research their disease, and encouraging them to return to work if they can are also positive strategies. (Gunderamn et al., 2010). Interesting Topics for Further Exploration: Honesty, particularly with late or terminally ill patients, is a controversial issue as some families may want to withhold information, while generally health workers support full disclosure. (Locatelli, Piselli, Cicerchia, Raffaele, Abbatecola and Repetto, 2010). The psychological affect of treatment-induced infertility or sexual impotence Anticipatory grieving in parents of children with cancer Religious coping and its advantages and pitfalls The psychology and struggles of cancer survivors Coping With and Surviving Breast Cancer You can improve your emotional health and reduce your physical symptoms with good coping strategies. A study published in the Journal of Psychosocial Oncology reports that women who get help with pain and emotional distress have lower levels of anxiety, fatigue and depression. Here are some ways to cope with your emotions: Communicate with family and friends Maintain intimacy (if you have a partner) Visit with a counselor or spiritual director Join a support group Express your needs and ask for help Report your symptoms to your healthcare team Keep a log of medical visits, save test results, keep receipts Educate yourself about your cancer and treatments Exercise Make plans for a crisis Getting Help for Emotions Is Not a Sign of Weakness You may feel under pressure to be strong or act brave when you least feel that way. Perhaps you dont easily share your feelings with others. You may be in a position of responsibility and trust, and feel like you must contain your fears and hide your disease or the effects of treatment. Sharing these feelings and struggles may make you feel vulnerable. A study published in the Journal of Personality shows that women with breast cancer who do express their anger, fear, sadness, and affection in a group setting live longer than women who suppress these emotions. Here are some ways to express your emotions and boost your emotional and physical health: Make time to talk to family members Communicate with friends and coworkers Attend a support group, or join an online support list Find a good therapist and commit to regular visits Take-Home Message Your feelings about breast cancer and its affect on your body, family, relationships, finances, and mortality are valid and normal. Expressing your emotions and needs will help boost your mental and physical health. Letting it out lets you live longe Eliza, you have given a prefect picture of emotion and stress which Belinda is facing. Now a days diagnosis of breast cancer is a great shock. Today women fear breast cancer more than heart diseases, even though they have a better chance of surviving cancer than dying to stoke or heart failure (National institute of Health 2008). As the women being to deal with diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, their body automatically start reacting to emotions. Their physical response to overall stress may be fear (trouble sleeping, headaches or body aches), Anger (Change of blood pressure), Depression (fatigue, crying. Feeling moody), stress (pain, irrtability, tension). Also once women accept her diagnosis, they may also face another emotional concern. The loss of breast or part of breast has a deep impact that goes beyond the physical fact. Moreover if aggressive treatment is required, it may also be long term impact on the health. The fear of recurrence. Loss of attractiveness, difficulty in sexual function and loss of fertility also plays important role to increase the stress. Every woman who is facing this situation should understand that getting help for emotion is not the sign of weakness. There are certain ways to cope with this emotion. The best is communicate with family and friend, maintaining intimacy with your partner, visiting the counselor or spiritual person, joining the support team are some of the sign which will make great difference to tackle emotions. In term of health care practice, Report any symptoms or change to the healthcare team. Always maintain a log of health visit, test result etc. educating yourself about the cancer and the treatment and having regular exercise along with plan for crisis make a huge impact.

Monitoring System Of Transformer Engineering Essay

Monitoring System Of Transformer Engineering Essay Transformers have a long service life if they are operated at its full load conditions. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are overloaded, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure in distribution transformers. Transformer follows Bath-curve relation type curve (Fig no. 1) for taking place fault in it. FIG. NO 1 BATH -CURVE The first phase indicates fault occurring due to improper service handling of transformer because it is new, second phase indicates fault occurring constantly and third phase fault are due aging problems. [5] Online monitoring of key operational parameters of transformers can provide useful information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to optimally use their transformers and keep transformer in operation for a longer period. This will also help identify problems before any sudden failure which can result in a significant cost savings and greater reliability. There are various fault occurred in transformer which causes damaged to the transformer if they are not diagnosed at quick time. It is thus important to monitor transformer continuously. Online monitoring is the solution for continuously observing the health of transformer. With the advancement in technology various technique are used for monitoring continuously the transformer. The global system for mobile communication (GSM) is the best among them. II.FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER 1) Overvoltage : When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper limit, this is known as overvoltage. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient a voltage spike or per manent, leading to a power surge . Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated.Due to this Overvoltage there may be Mal-operation of Circuit -Breaker or other accessories can be take place and hence Power system may get collapse.Thus monitoring of such faults becomes necessary . 2) Single phasing : Single phasing is an unwanted condition where one phase in a three-phase power system is missing, due to a tripped breaker or other condition. With just two lines hot, there is no phase rotation and thus the power delivered to the load is single-phase. This is very bad for most three-phase loads with reduced power and continuously drawing current. 3) Temperature : Hot spot of the winding is the maximum limit of the load capability. Previously the hot spot is calculated by knowing the measurement of oil temperature and of load of current. Abnormal temperature readings almost always indicate some type of failure in a transformer. For this reason, it has become common practice to monitor the hot spot, main tank, and bottom tank temperatures on the shell of a transformer. 4)Moisture :The presence of water in the oil can lead to reduction in the dielectric strength of transformer oil also ageing of oil is also affected .Thus all this can lead to electrical breakdown of transformer oil. This is very critical situation therefore continuous monitoring of operation is required to protect transformer from all of this. 5) Gas in Oil Analysis: The two principal causes of gas formation within an operating transformer are electrical disturbances and thermal decomposition especially in Oil. During the natural aging process of the oil and insulating parts, especially in the case of thermal or electrical failures, cracked gases form, and are dissolved in the oil. The rate of decomposition and the type of gases evolved during operation; result in thermal overloading and electrical faults. Thus analysis of gas in oil is important for protect the Transformer against such fault. Dissolved Gas Analysis is one method by which different gases can be finding out in transformer oil. The gases forms like Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Acetylene (C2H2), Ethylene (C2H4), and Ethane (C2H6). Further, when cellulose insulation is involved, thermal decomposition or electric faults produce Carbon monoxide (CO), and Carbon dioxide (CO2). Following table shows the various fault can be occurred because of gases formation in oil. [9] TABLE NO. 1 Different Types of Fault Occur Fault Type Gases Responsible Corona Hydrogen , Acetylene Insulator Effect Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Arc Formation Acetylene and Hydrogen Sparking Methane and Ethane Overheating Methane and Ethylene Method of Dissolved Gas Analysis: Traditionally Dissolved Gas Analysis has been carried out by taking a sample of oil from the transformer, sending it to a laboratory and waiting for the results. Unless there was any suspicion of a problem in the transformer, samples might be taken at intervals of up to 1 year, depending on the maintenance report of the operator. This means that a fault that develops over a shorter period of time then the sampling interval can be missed, leading to possible catastrophic failure of the transformer . Manual sampling can also lead to errors in the analysis. Results can vary from laboratory to laboratory, and even between users of the same equipment Units. Now therefore it is important to monitor such DGA analysis online. Online monitoring not only automized system but also reduced the manual mistakes. Continuous online monitoring helps to keep record of transformer health at every instant .By monitoring and record key operation of transformer is not only thing to be considered but it is necessary .[ 12 ] 6) Vibration: Transformer vibration (and consequently noise) is caused by the magnetostriction of the core laminates (the extension and contraction of the core lamination. Under alternating fluxes, this extension and contraction takes place twice during a normal voltage or current cycle .This means that transformer is vibrating twice of the frequency of supply resulting in vibration to occur mainly at 120 Hz. This vibration level depends on the transformer construction and design. Vibration level shall increased by through fault current, phase to ground or phase to phase fault. Thus monitoring is necessary for any kind of vibration in the Transformer. III.GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION Above fault identification techniques can be useful for identify various fault ,but it is always be helpful to have a continuous operation of transformer health because it causes least disturbance to the Transformer .Thus we proposed one method called as Global System for Mobile communication ( GSM ) helps to record operation of transformer and convey its data continuously to the operator by sending massage regarding transformer health .Previously SCADA system are used to monitor and record such key operation of transformer but since this system is complex and it is expensive to use .Thus GSM is the best alternative to it .Further the network of GSM technology is wider than other network hence it is flexible to use . [3] IV.DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY The proposed on-line monitoring system consists of Global Service Mobile (GSM) Modem, with chip microcontroller and different sensor. It is installed at the transformer site and the finding parameters recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If there is any abnormality or an emergency situation the system sends SMS (Short Message Service) messages to designated mobile telephones containing information about the abnormality. Also, it sends SMS to a central database via the GSM modem for further processing. This mobile system will help the system to run under reliable condition and identify problems before any failure. V.BLOCK DIAGRAM The block diagram of proposed model is as follows. [11] VI . Ways of detecting various faults for online monitoring of Transformer 1) Measurement of Over-voltage : To measure overvoltage we used step down transformer in our project. The transformer connect across the phase and neutral of each phases (R, Y, B), which step down voltage from 300v AC (max) to 5 volt AC, further This voltage will be converted to DC by means of rectifier and give it to the input of ADC, the ADC will convert this signals in equivalent digital signals and give it to microcontroller. Further microcontroller compares these digital signals with the settled overvoltage (250v) and under voltage (180v) If the signals is greater than 250 volt and less than 180volt then the microcontroller trips the contactor. If in case of phase failure the microcontroller treat this fault as a under voltage because if any phase is not available that means the voltage is less than 180 v (0 volt is less than 180 volt) in this case also microcontroller trips the contactor. 2) Single Phasing : Single phasing can be prevented by using single phasing preventer. Single phasing preventer is an electronic circuit which prevents the three phase electronic operated electrical machines from single phase cut off, phase reversal and phase imbalance . 3) Temperature Monitoring: In order to make on-line monitoring possible, thermocouples are placed externally on the transformer and provide real-time data on the temperature at various locations on the transformer. High main tank temperatures have been known to indicate oil deterioration, insulation degradation, and water formation. 4) Moisture: Online monitoring can be used to improve the accuracy of Oil .Moisture sensors available can easily detect the presence of any moisture. 5) DGA Analysis: Nowadays DGA usually consists of three steps: i) Sampling of oil in an airtight glass tube made up of borosilicate of capacity 150 ml to 250 ml. ii) The DGA technique involves extracting or stripping the gases from the oil and injecting them into a gas chromatograph (GC). Detection of gas concentrations usually involves the use of a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Most systems also employ a methanizer, which converts any carbon monoxide And carbon dioxide present into methane so that it can be burned and detected on the FID, a very sensitive sensor. iii) The separated gases are detected by thermal conductivity detector for atmospheric gases, by flame ionization detector for hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon. Following fig no. 3 [13] shows the Gas Chromatography technique: FIG. NO 3 Thus at present, gas chromatography is the main method which can achieve the fault diagnosis by the on-line monitoring to the dissolved gases in the transformer oil. But it has many disadvantages, such as the aging, Pollution and saturation of chromatogram columns and it takes a long time consuming much carrier gases during the monitoring process. Concerning these disadvantages, on-line monitoring to the groups of dissolved gases through the gas sensor array is suggested. [7] VII. Conclusion Due to daily increased load of power system it is important to maintain system Reliability .As transformer plays important role in power system by maintaining reliability it is important that we should keep transformer from daily fault occurring in it just by observing its key parameter so that such fault cannot result in bigger failure also apart from these sharing of data information is also essential using new technology at reduced cost . System to expert systems can be used to achieve all the parameters test and analysis of automation every system is automated in order to face new challenges in the present day situation. Automated systems have less manual operations, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate. Hence every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are doing better performance. [10] VIII. References [1] Guiyin Yu, and Lu Zhang, Application of Electrical Transformer Online Monitoring System International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing August 13-15, 2010 Dalian, China [2] Abdul-Rahman AI-Ali, Abdul Khaliq Muhammad Arshad, GSM-Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring System Dubrovnik, Croatia IEEE MELECON 2004, May 12-15, 2004 [3] Constantin Daniel Oancea, Member, IEEE GSM Infrastructure Used for Data Transmission The 7 th international symposium on advanced topicin electrical engineering, Bucarest May 11-14 2011 [4] Fagarasan, Sorina Costina, Sergiu St. ILIESCU3, Monitoring and Diagnosis Methods for High voltage power Transformer U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2008 [5] Cbengtsson ABB Transformers AB Ludvh, Sweden,Status and Trends in Transformer MonitoringIEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No. 3, July 1996 [6] J.C. Burgos , E. Pagan , B. Garcia , Experiences in Managing Transformers through Maintenance Operations and Monitoring Systems 21, rue dArtois, F-75008 Paris http://www.cigre.org,May 2004[7] Lynn Hamrick ESCO Energy Services,Dissolved Gas Analysis for Transformers Winter 2009-2010 NETA WORLD [8] A. Kingsmill S. Jones Application of new condition Monitoring Technologies in the Electricity Transmission Industry, Transgrid University of Australia [9] Fredi Jacob Dissolved Gas Analysis, Past Present Future ACTI Inc. Jan 21, 2003. [10] Brian D Sparling, Jacques Aubin,Power Transformer life extension through better monitoring [11] A review by Vidhata Technologies [12]Sherif S.M.Ghoneim,Advances in electrical Engineering sy stem , Volume 1 2012, ISSN 2167-633 [13] Online transformer monitor site preparation guide ,Model T M Series ,August 27 2008